<p>The Pine Mill Bridge is an historic structure located in Wildcat Den State Park in rural Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1878 near the Pine Creek Gristmill, the only place in Iowa where a mill and bridge combination remains in place. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The citizens of Montpelier Township petitioned the Muscatine County Board of Supervisors in 1877 for a bridge over Pine Creek at the site of the mill where they needed a crossing to transport their crops. For most of the year the creek was easily crossed, but after a heavy rainfall it was turned into a raging stream. Financial considerations delayed the project for a year when the board solicited bids for the construction of the bridge. In September 1878 a contract to manufacture and erect the truss was issued to the Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio. The bridge was completed by the end of the year. While it was one of numerous bridge and mill combinations across the state of Iowa, it is the only one that remains.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Pine Mill Bridge is a standard pin-connected Pratt through truss bridge offered by the Wrought Iron Bridge Company. The span is composed of seven panels, and is 96 ft long. The roadway is 16 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>Big Slough Creek Bridge is an historic structure located near the town of Nichols in rural Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. The concrete rigid frame bridge was built in 1937. It was designed by Otto Wendling of the Iowa State Highway Commission. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS.</p><br>
<p>Big Slough Bridge from E.JPGBig Slough Bridge</p><br>
<p>Big Slough Bridge from S.JPGBig Slough Bridge</p><br>
<p>Big Slough Bridge deck from NE.JPGBig Slough Bridge</p><br>
<p>Big Slough Bridge from NW 1.JPGBig Slough Bridge</p><br>
<p>The Bridge near West Liberty is an historic structure located west of the town of West Liberty in rural Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. The welded steel rigid frame bridge was built in 1937. It was designed by Otto Wendling of the Iowa State Highway Commission. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS. The bridge was demolished and replaced by a culvert in 2020.</p><br>
<p>The First Avenue Bridge is a historic structure located in downtown Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. It carries USA Route 151 for 697 ft over the Cedar River. The original six-span concrete arch structure was completed in 1920 for $420,000. It was designed by Marsh Engineering Company and built by Koss Construction Co., both of Des Moines. Consulting engineer Ned L. Ashton of Iowa City designed the 1960s remodel. He had all of the concrete work above the original arches torn out and the bridge rebuilt as an open-spandrel structure. The rebuild also included a wider deck to accommodate increased traffic and aluminum railings. While the bridge&#39;s original structural integrity has been compromised, this is the first notable concrete spandrel arch reconstruction in Iowa and possibly in the country. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Paris Bridge is a historic structure located near the town of Coggon in rural Linn County, Iowa, United States. The pin-connected Whipple through truss bridge was built in 1879 as a wagon bridge. It was designed by the Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS.</p><br>
<p>The bridge spans the Wapsipinicon River in the unincorporated community of Paris, Iowa. It has a single 160 ft main span and timber stringer approach spans for a total length of 208 ft. It cost $4,964.72, to build, of which $3,000 was for the superstructure. Its superstructure is an 11-panel, pin-connected Whipple through truss.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is significant as a "rare example of a double-intersection Pratt truss," which is a kind of Whipple truss. Its diagonals extend over two panels, and are made of wrought iron, suited for their being under tension. The Whipple truss design was developed by engineer Squire Whipple in 1847.</p><br>
<p>As of 1994, it was the longest of only eight pin-connected Whipple through truss bridges surviving in Iowa. It then carried "intermittent" traffic in a setting largely unchanged since 1879.</p><br>
<p>The Bertram Bridge, also known as the Ely Street Bridge, was a historic structure located near the town of Bertram in rural Linn County, Iowa, United States. The metal 5-panel pinned Pratt through truss bridge was built in 1891. It was designed by the J.E. Jayne and Son Bridge Company of Iowa City. The bridge had two main spans and two approach spans. The whole structure was 208 ft and the roadway was 13.5 ft wide. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS.</p><br>
<p>Bertram Bridge was destroyed by flood waters from Big Creek on June 29, 2014, and was removed from the National Register later that year.</p><br>
<p>The Adams Building, also known as the Central Savings Bank Building, was built as a commercial and office building located at 418 Ashmun Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Along with the next-door Gowan Block, it is now part of the Park Place City Center, a mixed commercial and residential development. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Robert N. Adams</h2><br>
<p>Robert Adams was born in Ontario on May 13, 1844, the sixth child of John and Ann Adams. At the age of 23 he began working his own farm in Ontario. In 1877 he married Elizabeth N. Carr. The couple had six children: George, Augusta, John, Gertrude, Clement, and Lillian.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 Adams moved to Michigan and purchased 150 acres of land that was at the time undeveloped, but is now within the boundaries of Sault Ste. Marie. Adams cleared the land and platted it, selling lots which eventually became some of the most substantial residential and commercial sections of the city. Adams also engaged in grocery, merchandising, and banking businesses, and represented the area in the state legislature.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The Central Savings Bank of Sault Ste. Marie was incorporated in December 1902, with Robert N. Adams as its first president. Adams hired Edward Demar to design a building, and in 1903, built what was called "one of the most modern and architecturally attractive bank and office buildings in the Northern Peninsula." He christened it the Adams Building. A portion of the first floor of the building was reserved for the Central Savings Bank, while the rest of the building was used by other businesses.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, Central Savings Bank merged with Chippewa County Savings Bank; although Adams remained on the board of directors, he was no longer president of the institution. In 1926, the bank took over the assets of the Brimley State Bank.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the bank moved its offices to their present location at 511 Bingham Avenue in Sault Ste. Marie.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, after a few years of financial wrangling, the Adams Building and the next-door Masonic Block were purchased by a developer. Renovations began, with the plan to provide 4,500 square feet of ground-floor commercial space and 24 apartments. The project is known as "Park Place City Center."</p><br>
<p>The Gowan Block, also known as the Masonic Block, was built as a commercial building and meeting hall located at 416 Ashmun Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Along with the next-door Adams Building, it is now part of the Park Place City Center, a mixed commercial and residential development. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John A. Gowan and Albert F. Pickford opened a hardware store, Gowan & Pickford, in 1900. In 1901, Gowan and Pickford decided to construct a new building, and retained the local firm of Charlton, Gilbert & Demar to design the structure. They hired local contractors Lipsett & Sinclair to build the new structure for $31,700, and construction began in mid-1901, finishing around the end of the year. After construction, Gowan and Pickford occupied the south third of the ground floor, with the remainder housing one portion of the Prenzlauer Bros.&#39; general store, which also occupied a nearby building. The local Masonic Lodge began using upper floors in 1902.</p><br>
<p>By 1908 the Prenzlauer Bros. store vacated the building, and around 1920 Woolworths moved into that portion of the ground floor. Gowan & Pickford remained in the southern third, changing its name to Gowan Hardware in 1911 when Albert Pickford left the firm. Gowan Hardware closed in 1949, and Woolworths expanded into the vacated space.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, after a few years of financial wrangling, the Masonic Block and the next-door Adams Building were purchased by a developer. Renovations began, with the plan to provide 4,500 square feet of ground-floor commercial space and 24 apartments. The project is known as "Park Place City Center."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gowan Block is a Late Victorian three-story brick commercial building with a broad front facade. The front is substantially finished with yellow-buff brickwork, with reddish-brown sandstone used for piers at the outer edges and surrounding the third-story windows. The ground floor has three storefronts. The second floor has seven bays filled with windows and separated by metal pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Valley Chapel and Tithing Office, the chapel sometimes being referred to as the Pine Valley Ward Chapel, are historic 19th-century buildings of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  in Pine Valley, Washington County, Utah, that are jointly listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1868, the Pine Valley Chapel is known for being the oldest meetinghouse in continuous use of the LDS Church. Both the chapel and adjacent tithing office were listed together on the USA National Register of Historic Places November 20, 1970.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel architecture</h3><br>
<p>The Pine Valley Chapel was designed by a Scottish shipbuilder and LDS convert, Ebenezer Bryce (who Bryce Canyon is named after). The construction of the chapel was built using techniques adopted from shipbuilding, and is basically an upside-down ship. the building consists of two levels built on a basement. The architectural style is reminiscent of New England churches, which was done in honor of LDS church leader Erastus Snow. The church was built with nearby Ponderosa pines, from the same area where pines were shipped to Salt Lake City for the famous Salt Lake Tabernacle. A scaled-down replica of the Pine Valley Chapel was built at This Is the Place Heritage Park.</p><br>
<h3>Tithing Office</h3><br>
<p>East of the chapel is the well-preserved red-brick Tithing Office that was built in the 1880s. Tithing to the church in 19th century Utah was often paid in-kind with farmed goods that were then redistributed to those in need, thus the 19th century tithing house is a 16 x 27 warehouse to accommodate tithes. The building has also, at different times, been used as a family residence, the Pine Valley Post Office, and a meeting room for the Pine Valley Chapel.</p><br>
<p>Our Savior&#39;s Kvindherred Lutheran Church is an Evangelical Lutheran Church in America congregation located near the town of Calamus in rural Clinton County, Iowa, United States. The church and former school buildings as well as the church cemetery were listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1861 by Norwegian immigrants from Hardanger Fjord who settled the area. The church was named after their home district of Kvinnherad in Norway. Services were held in parishioners homes and in the local public schools until their first church was built in 1865. A parochial school was established in 1863 and instruction was held in parishioners homes for two years. John Johnson provided the land for the church, which he had purchased in 1853. His brother George provided the land for the cemetery in 1865. That same year, Kvindherred joined with a congregation near Marengo, Iowa, and another in Norway, Iowa, to form a single parish. Kvindherred bought 40 acre a 1/2 mi west of the church on which to build a parsonage for the pastor who would serve all three locations. The house, no longer extant, was built in 1870. Because of growth in the congregation the present church was built in 1876. Sunday School classes were begun in 1891. The 1870 parsonage was sold in 1928 when the congregation bought a house in Calamus for the parsonage. Two years later Kvindherred called its own pastor, and services were held in the church weekly instead of on alternate Sundays. Services in Norwegian were also ended in 1930 because some members of the congregation did not know the language and pressure resulting from World War I for "foreign-born and users of a foreign language to use more readily the English language." Norwegian had been used exclusively until 1919 for worship and school when English was included.</p><br>
<p>The congregation changed its name to Our Savior&#39;s Lutheran Church in 1946, which distanced it further from its Norwegian roots. The following year, discussions began about whether to remodel the church or to build a new one. A joint decision could not be made and 136 parishioners and the pastor formed Faith Lutheran congregation in Calamus in 1950. The current parsonage was built near the church in 1952. Faith and Our Savior entered into a cooperative ministry agreement in 1972 by which they would share a pastor. The two congregations are referred to jointly as the Calamus Lutheran Parish.</p><br>
<p>The congregation initially belonged to the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church until 1898 when it joined the United Norwegian Synod. The synod merged with the original Norwegian Synod and the Hauge Synod to form the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (NLCA) in 1917. The NLCA changed its name to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in 1946, and ultimately merged into the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>First Kvindherred church and school</h2><br>
<p>The first Kvindherred church building was moved to its present location about 1940. It was originally built 750 ft to the south at the northwest corner of what is now 190th Avenue and 260th Street. It was built in 1865 to house both the church and parochial school. It continued to serve as the school after the current church was completed in 1877. It is a 24 by frame building in the Greek Revival style. The front gable structure features engaged columns and capitals below a fanlight that frames the main entrance. The metal lettering that identifies the building is not original. The interior features pine flooring and the original pews from the 1877 church.</p><br>
<h2>Second church</h2><br>
<p>The present church was built from 1876 to 1877 and an addition was added in the early 1950s. The original portion of the building is a rectangular frame structure that measures 34 by. It was designed in the Gothic Revival style that was typical of rural Norwegian Lutherans in the Midwest. In 1912, a full basement with rusticated concrete block walls was added to the church. The main façade features a bell tower capped with a spire. The main entrance and vestibule are located on the main floor of the tower. The vestibule was enlarged in the early 1950s. The two windows that flanked the tower were added to the vestibule at that time. A 30 by addition was built onto the rear of the church in the 1950s as well. Originally clad in wood, the exterior has been covered with white metal siding.</p><br>
<p>The interior was also remodeled as a part of the same project in the early 1950s. The pews and altar appointments were changed at that time. The pressed metal ceiling was added during the 1912 renovation. The gallery and the elaborate compound moldings surrounding the windows are original to the structure.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is a rectangular parcel of land that measures 348 by, and contains roughly 3.1 acre. The original section was deeded to the church in 1865, although the first burial was recorded in 1864. The earliest grave marker, however, dates from 1861. Several large cedar trees were located in the cemetery that marked it out from the farmland that surrounds the cemetery. It was originally surrounded by a steel fence with an entrance gateway. Above the gate was a sign that read "Kvindherred Cemetery". It was replaced by a wooden sign along the road in front of the cemetery that reads "Our Saviors Kvindherred". The cemetery is located 1,700 ft north of the church along the same road.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Santa Barbara, California is a combined post office-federal office building in Santa Barbara, California. The post office is a prominent example of Mission Revival-influenced Art Deco design and is a significant building in the historic core of Santa Barbara. It was designed by Pasadena architect Reginald Davis Johnson in the mid-1930s, and was completed in 1937. The building retains a high degree of architectural integrity, with minimal changes to the interior and no changes to the exterior, which retains its original landscaping.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Barbara Post Office has a generally Spanish Colonial character that harmonizes with traditional local architecture, using a terra cotta roof and white stuccoed walls. The building was constructed in reinforced concrete. Although the building is composed with Mission Revival elements and massing, the details are Art Deco, with chevron details typically used by Johnson and complementary sculpture. The bronze doors and building hardware are more characteristic of Art Deco than of Mission. Streamline Moderne interior reliefs are by William Atkinson, using motifs typical of the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Barbara Post Office was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1985.</p><br>
<p>St. Boniface Church is a former parish church of the Diocese of Davenport. The church was founded in the town of Lyons, which is now the north side of Clinton, Iowa, United States. The church building is now a museum named The Catholic Historical Center at St. Boniface, with exhibits about the history of the Clinton area Catholic community, and an archive of local Catholic church artifacts and records. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bishop Mathias Loras of the Diocese of Dubuque said the first Mass in Lyons. The Mass was celebrated in a log home in 1848. The area was visited by various priests, including the Rev. J.A.M. Pelamourges from Davenport, and the Rev. Frederic Cyrille Jean, who was assigned as the first resident pastor at the first parish in town, St. Irenaeus Church.</p><br>
<p>In October 1861 the German Catholics in Lyons from St. Irenaeus founded St. Boniface Parish. They acquired a former Presbyterian church as their first building. Their first pastor was Father Aloysius Meis. Three years later the parish established the first parochial school in Clinton County. In time they were replaced by the Sisters of St. Francis from Clinton. The rectory, which is next to the present church, was built in 1873. Sacred Heart Church in Clinton was established as a mission of St. Boniface in 1891. The priests from St. Boniface took care of that parish until 1903 when a resident pastor was assigned to Sacred Heart. Father Tritz became pastor at St. Boniface in 1901. He helped to design the present church, which was completed in 1908. Three years later all five Clinton parishes joined the Davenport Diocese when Clinton County was transferred to the Diocese of Davenport.</p><br>
<p>The parish school was merged with the school at St. Irenaeus in the 1970s to form North Catholic School. Eventually, all the Catholic grade schools in Clinton merged to form Holy Trinity School. The parish itself was officially closed in 1990 when the five parishes in Clinton were merged to form Jesus Christ, Prince of Peace Parish. The new parish continued to use the old churches until a new church could be built. St. Boniface was closed in 2007. A new church was built for the parish on the west side of town in 2009. A non-profit group has turned the church building into a religious heritage museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival style structure was meant to reflect the German heritage of the congregation. It was designed by Dubuque architect Martin Heer. The cornerstone was laid on June 5, 1908, and it was dedicated on November 27, 1908. The structure was built by Anton Zwack of Dubuque. Two bell towers topped with spires dominate the main facade of the church. A statue of St. Boniface is in a niche above the main entrances. The exterior is composed of pressed red brick with blue Bedford stone trim. The interior features three naves. The high altar in the apse features another statue of St. Boniface in the main niche. It is decorated with light bulbs, which reflect Father Tritz&#39;s fascination with electricity. The altar was built by B. Ferring of Chicago and installed in September 1910. The stained glass windows were produced by Munic Studio of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The Birch Lodge, also known as the Birch Lodge Hospital and Summer Resort Sanitarium or the Trout Lake Sanitarium, is a resort facility located on the northern shore of Trout Lake, off County Route H-40.6 mi west of MI-123, in Trout Lake Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Birch Lodge was founded as one of a crop of resorts built in upper Michigan around the beginning of the 20th century. It was started by Dr. Edgar David Ford and his wife Cornelia as a combination of a summer resort as tuberculosis sanitorium. The Fords obtained property on Trout Lake in 1911 and hired H. Emery, also of Cambria, to construct the lodge, designing it as a resort that combined outdoor recreation and medical health. However, before the lodge opened, Edgar Ford died of rabies. Despite this, the resort was opened in 1912 by Cornelia Ford and her sons.</p><br>
<p>However, the Birch Lodge Hospital quickly ran into financial trouble. In 2010 the property was sold to new owners, who reopened it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Birch Lodge is situated on 20 acres located along the northern shore of Trout Lake. When it opened, the lodge had cottages, a recreation room, boating equipment, and a dancing pavilion; it also boasted hospital facilities such as an operating room and a linen room. There are currently six structures on the property: the main lodge, three frame utility buildings that were once cabins, and two log cabins. The largest of these, the main lodge, is a three-story wood-framed structure on a fieldstone foundation, built in 1911. It is constructed on a T-plan and is clad primarily in clapboard, although the third-floor mansard gables are now covered with vinyl siding. The windows are rectangular lights, and set between green-painted shutters accented with diamond shapes. The roof is clad in asphalt shingling. Much of the interior furnishings of the lodge date to its construction, and it remains a well-preserved example of early 20th century resort architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Ruhstaller Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a historic building located in the heart of Downtown Sacramento, California, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1898, the 20,000 ft&sup2; building was built by the behest of Frank Ruhstaller and housed The Ruhstaller Brewery offices. Ruhstaller also managed Buffalo Brewery and made the building its headquarters as well. One of the new technologies the building featured was air conditioning that functioned with water pumped in from the Sacramento River.</p><br>
<p>Multiple rehab projects have been completed on the building over the years, the most recent of which was in 2004. The project focused on, among other things, renovating the third and fourth floors that had been vacant for some time.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Virginia was built in 1925. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is also designated by the city of Santa Barbara as a local historical landmark.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on the southern side of West Haley Street, 17 W. Haley Street, in the southeastern part of the historical center of Santa Barbara, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the place of the hotel prior to 1925 there were two hotel buildings, one constructed in 1916 (No. 17, belonging to Charles Maas, the first commercial property at Haley Street) and another one in 1922 (No. 23, belonging to Freas Hayman). The buildings were connected on the upper floors. They were badly damaged by the 1925 earthquake which destroyed the city center of Santa Barbara. Generally, the downtown of Santa Barbara was rebuilt in the Colonial Revival style, and the Virginia Hotel is considered to be one of the best representatives of the style in the city. The Virginia Hotel was one of the first buildings approved by the Architectural Advisory Committee, and actually one of the first ones to be constructed. This is one of the few survived buildings which had their facade completely re-designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style right after the earthquake.</p><br>
<p>Maas and Hayman jointly hired the architect Clifford Denman from Los Angeles. Denman was tasked to repair the properties and also to transform the facade to the Colonial Revival style. He also added a third floor to the building. The two buildings behind the joint facade operated as two different hotels, and in 1931 the connections between them were closed. In 1977 the two hotels, which at the time were operated as a long-time dwelling, were joined as Hotel Virginia. In 1997, the hotel stopped operating and was vacated, and in 1998 it was sold. It was eventually rehabilitated and currently operates as the Hotel Virgini Santa Barbara, Tapestry Collection Boa Hilton.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The hotel is a three-floor building with a flat roof. The total area of the building is 29,000 ft2. It has an L-shape and consists of two buildings. These are connected by a segment which includes passages on the second and third floors as well as a section of the main facade. The most distinctive features of the building are found in the facade which is located parallel to West Haley Street.</p><br>
<p>The design used by Denman unified the two buildings composing the hotel by using a number of common features such as the same columns and wrought iron work. At the same time, it used other features underlying the difference between the buildings such as different windows design. Besides the Spanish Colonial Revival Style, it also included a number of elements characteristic for Mediterranean architecture, or specifically inspired by Venetian architecture. The clear elements of the Spanish Colonial Revival style include the first floor arcade and arched windows in the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The Vagabond Motel is a historic motel located at 7301 Biscayne Boulevard in Miami, Florida that exhibits Miami Modern architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in late 2014 after being nominated by the state. The building was constructed in 1953 and was designed by Robert Swartburg. After sitting vacant for years, the building was reopened in 2014 as a restaurant and hotel.</p><br>
<p>Claims that the Vagabond Motel was once a hangout for Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack are false. The debunked those rumors in 2012. In the 1950s and 1960s, celebrities frequented the long-gone Vagabonds&#39; Club in downtown Miami, not the middle-class family motel on the Upper East Side.</p><br>
<p>The Clearing Folk School, usually called just The Clearing, is a 125 acre continuing education institution located near Ellison Bay, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded by Jens Jensen in 1935. A successful landscape architect, Jensen began acquiring a private summer estate in 1919; the estate, re-landscaped by Jensen, became the nucleus of the school. Jensen was inspired by the folk high schools of his native Denmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jensen lived in The Clearing as a widower from 1935 until 1951. After his death, The Clearing was operated by the Wisconsin Farm Bureau for 37 years as a rural retreat, conference center, and continuing-education institution. Following The Clearings independence as a nonprofit corporation in 1988, The Clearing has continued to fulfill these roles, with a concentration on adult education and as a meeting place for senior citizens. The Clearing describes itself as a place for "classes in natural sciences, fine arts, skilled crafts and humanities." The Clearings emphasis on "regional ecology" is seen as providing continuity with founder Jensen&#39;s own aspirations and beliefs.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The appreciation of "regional ecology" from a landscape perspective, a focus of continuing education at The Clearing, has helped to drive the emerging professions of landscape ecology and spatial ecology.</p><br>
<p>As of 2012, the Clearing offers classwork throughout the year, except for March, April, and December. Day-to-week-length appreciation classes center on collective learning through discussion, conversation, and hands-on work.</p><br>
<p>The Clearing Folk School was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974 as site #74000080.</p><br>
<h2>People connected with The Clearing</h2><br>
<p>Norbert Blei, longtime writer in residence</p><br>
<p>Jens Jensen, founder</p><br>
<p>The Chippewa County Courthouse is a government building located on Court Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is one of the oldest courthouses still in use in Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chippewa County was split off from Michilimackinaw County (formed from the entire Upper Peninsula and part of the lower) in 1826. Sault Ste. Marie was chosen as the county seat. The Chippewa County Courthouse was built in 1877 for $20,000, and his son John. In 1904, a rear addition costing $25,000, designed by R. C. Sweat, was added to the structure. A second addition was constructed in approximately 1930.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980, the courthouse was completely renovated. Paint was stripped off woodwork, new doors and windows were installed, and the face of the tower clock was restored.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chippewa County Courthouse is a three-story Second Empire built of cut stone. The original courthouse was a rectangular plan; the 1904 addition made the whole structure into a T-plan. The Second Empire architectural style is consistent between the original courthouse and the later additions. The stone walls are 2 ft thick, and the building features a contrasting, red-colored stone in beltcourses, quoins, lintels, and entryways. The center entrance is set in a slightly projecting pavilion topped with a pediment. Windows on the first floor have a segmented arch, while second-story windows are elliptically arched. Both the main structure and the clock tower are topped with a mansard roof; the roof was originally covered with slate but is now covered with asphalt shingles. Round windows were added to the mansard roof in 1904.</p><br>
<p>Inside, original stamped tin ceilings are still installed. Pillars inside the courtroom have ornate cast iron capitals, and the radiators are covered with grillwork.</p><br>
<p>The Bennett Building, also known as the Ervin Building, is a historic building located in downtown Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States. The previous building to occupy this property was a Woolworth&#39;s that was destroyed in a fire in 1922. The Bennett Building Corporation was formed in 1923 to build an office building that was designed to attract medical professionals. The seven-story, brick, Early Commercial structure was designed by local architectural firm Jensen and Larson, and the Omaha firm of McDonald and McDonald served as the supervising architects. E. A. Wickham and Company of Council Bluffs was the contractor.</p><br>
<p>The building is 86 ft tall, and it was historically the tallest building in downtown Council Bluffs. It follows a rectangular plan in the basement and first floor, and from the second to the seventh floor it follows an L-shaped plan. The exterior features a tripartite division. The first floor is a limestone base that houses storefronts and the entrance lobby for the offices above. Floors two through six are composed of brick with large, regularly spaced windows. They contained professional offices, with many of them occupied by physicians and dentists. Many of Council Bluffs&#39; women doctors had their practices here. The top floor is a modest brick and limestone crown that also housed offices.</p><br>
<p>The Bennett Building has been converted into an apartment building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Ottumwa City Hall is the official seat of government for the city of Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. The building originally served as a post office and federal courthouse. It is part of the Central Park area, which includes: Ottumwa Public Library, Wapello County Courthouse and St. Mary of the Visitation Catholic Church. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Renaissance Revival style building was designed by United States Treasury Department architects under the direction of James Knox Taylor. It replaced a smaller building that was used as the post office on the same site since 1890. The three-story, U-shaped structure was built between 1910 and 1912. It rises to a height of 44 ft. The exterior is composed of ashlar limestone. In addition to be a fine example of the Renaissance Revival style in Iowa, this is one of the few buildings in Ottumwa clad in stone. The first floor features a limestone facing tooled in horizontal striations and arched windows. Decorative features include stone dentils, paneling, medallions, and Iconic pilasters. The building is capped with a green tile hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The building housed the United States Post Office and the United States Courthouse until 1964. The following year the first floor of the building was altered for use by the city as its city hall. Much of the original architectural details remain on the second and third floors. The interior features a white marble staircase with brass handrails. The floors in the corridors on the second and third floors are terrazzo with white marble borders.</p><br>
<p>The Philetus S. Church House is a private house located on North Shore Road, 1 mi southeast of Payment Settlement on Sugar Island, Michigan. The building is the last structure from Church&#39;s Landing, a mid-19th century trading post and steamboat stop. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Philetus Swift Church</h2><br>
<p>Philetus Swift Church was born in 1812 in Riga, New York, the son of Jesse and Margery Munsen Church. He was named for Philetus Swift, whom his father had fought under in the War of 1812. He attended local schools and spent some time in an academy in Palmyra, New York. In 1831, Church hired on as a store clerk in Byron, New York, and in 1835 moved to Oakfield, New York to start his own business. In 1837, he married Elizabeth Duncan Wells, a granddaughter of Samuel Taggart. The couple had three sons, one of whom died in infancy. The other two were Jesse Wells Church and Philetus Church Jr.</p><br>
<p>Church remained in Oakfield and the nearby Caryville until 1841; during this time he over-extended himself in supporting the founding of a local school and went bankrupt.</p><br>
<h2>History of Church&#39;s Landing</h2><br>
<p>In 1846, Philetus and Elizabeth Church and their sons Jesse Wells and Philetus Jr. moved to Sugar Island and founded the settlement of Church&#39;s Landing at this site. There they built a trading post and house and began trading with the Indians living there.</p><br>
<p>Churchs Landing was a natural stopping point for ships, so Church began supplying passing steamships with wood for their boilers. He also dealt in furs, maple syrup, vegetables, ice, milk, and soap. Church erected a sawmill and shingle-mill, and sold shingles, fence posts, pilings, and telegraph poles in addition to steamboat wood. The family also began a shipbuilding business in about 1853. The businesses at Churchs Landing eventually employed up to 35 people, and by 1861 was doing $17,000 to $27,000 worth of business annually. Additional settlers joined Church to live at the location.</p><br>
<p>In 1850, Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie of Chicago was on a pleasure cruise and stopped at Churchs Landing to take on wood. The Churches provided her with some refreshments, including raspberry jam; Kinzie immediately took a liking to it and purchased some. Back in Chicago, she used it in entertaining friends, leading to a demand for Churchs raspberry jam. The next year, Church began making raspberry jam for market, a business that by 1878 had increased such that he was manufacturing six to twelve tons of jam yearly, up to the level that the Sugar Island crop could support. A contemporaneous account also notes that the Church family was "noted for the making of raspberry jam, which is sold in large quantities, and shipped to Eastern and Southern markets."</p><br>
<p>In 1862, Jesse Wells Church constructed a house for his father, mother, and brother, using materials from the family sawmill. In addition to Juliette Kinzie, many other celebrities stopped by Church&#39;s Landing while their ships were taking on wood, and while there visited the Churches. These include Horace Greeley, Charles Sumner, John McLean, and Mary Todd Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Jesse Wells Church, then a medical doctor, moved to Traverse City, Michigan and then to Harbor Island (near Drummond Island) with his wife and children. There he continued the family shipbuilding business, building craft until at least 1910. Elizabeth Church died in 1876, and Philetus Church Sr. decided to retired in that same year. Philetus Church died on July 22, 1883. With the loss of the trading post, Church&#39;s Landing faded as a settlement. This house is the only structure left marking its location.</p><br>
<h2>Philetus S. Church house description</h2><br>
<p>The Philetus S. Church house is a Greek Revival structure, one of the few in Chippewa County.</p><br>
<p>The John and Murta Van Dellen House is a historic house located in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. Built in 1920, it is the outstanding example of a California bungalow in The Dalles. Original owner John Van Dellen was a prosperous lumber yard owner, and made use of the finest local building materials and craftsmanship in constructing his house.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Jay Funeral Home, now known as the Robertson-Jay Funeral Home, is an historic building and funeral home located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. Local architect Archie Eaton designed the building in the Mediterranean Revival style. The two-story brick structure was completed in 1929. The exterior of the building features round arch windows, a tile roof, and a broad brick porte cochere. The building is noteworthy for its architecture and as an early example of funeral home design. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Ottumwa Young Women&#39;s Christian Association, also known as Your Family Center, is a historic building located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. Its significance is related to the local social movement that provided a safe place to live for young women and education programs that encouraged their business and professional</p><br>
<p>development. The Young Womens Christian Association (YWCA) was established in Ottumwa in 1894 by 64 charter members. They began with opening reading and rest rooms before they opened a boarding house. In 1903 they acquired the former First Baptist Church building for their use. They cooperated with the local Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) for recreational and camping activities. The YMCA built a new larger facility in 1921 and the YWCA considered buying their old building, but they decided to build their own building instead.</p><br>
<p>The YWCA hired the Minneapolis architectural firm of Croft & Boerner to design the Renaissance Revival building. It was completed in 1925 by contractor C.W. Ennis. The three-story brick structure features round arch openings on the first floor and windows that diminish in size on the upper floors. The interior features terrazzo floors and oak woodwork that exhibits an American Craftsman influence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank is a historic building located in downtown Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is significant for its architectural design and its use of terra cotta for the exterior, the only bank in town so clad. Chicago architect H. H. Stoddard designed the building in the Neoclassical style. It was built by the Blackhawk Construction Company in 1915. The building replaced the original 1868 bank building rebuilt after a fire in 1881, also at this location. The two-story structure features a pediment and two columns flanking the main entrance. The exterior is composed entirely of cream colored terra cotta. Dentil ornamentation is found across the top of the building. Initially, the building was a single story with 25 ft ceilings, but it was altered to its present form in 1956. The glass wall of the main facade was also added at that time. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Benson Building, also known as the Union Bus Depot, was an historic building located in downtown Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. The Tudor Revival style commercial building was completed in 1930. The one-story structure was composed of highly textured, painted brick. The façade featured a steeply-pitched gable roof and half-timbering. The building was originally used as an indoor miniature golf course. Its significance was attributed to its architecture. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 as a part of the Ottumwa MPS.</p><br>
<p>On January 6, 2018, the structure caught fire and was destroyed. It was delisted from the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Benson Block is a historic building located in downtown Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is two-fifths of a building that was originally constructed in 1883 and was damaged in a fire in 1923. This part of the building was re-constructed as a theatre, but because it lacked a sufficient number of exits, was never used for that purpose. It is noteworthy for the decorative Neoclassical white terra cotta cladding on the façade, which enabled its owners to transform its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>Beastro & Barley is a restaurant and bar in a historic hotel building in the Second Empire style at 125 East Main Street in Reedsburg, Wisconsin, United States. The two-storey red brick structure with stone trim and a mansard roof was designed by Edward M. Hackett and constructed in 1886 for $10,000. It includes arched window frames, brick detailing on the facade and a small porch with ornamental metal balustrade on the second floor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Wisconsin in 1984. The PDF file for this National Register record has not yet been digitized. It was built by the Reedsburg Building & Lumber Co.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses the Beastro & Barley restaurant and bar downstairs and a single large apartment upstairs. The prior occupants include: Touchdown Tavern, Reedsburg Hotel, and Ropers City Hotel. Beastro & Barley is known for its trademarked "Reedsburger", a hamburger prepared with locally sourced Bison. The restaurant also houses the "Agnes Moorehead Lounge", an exhibit of memorabilia from Agnes Mooreheads career in radio, stage, television and movies, including as the witch mother-in-law on the television sitcom Bewitched. Beastro & Barley is one of the venues for Reedsburg&#39;s Fermentation Fest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ropers City Hotel was built in 1886 on Main Street. The hotel had 17 guest rooms, and a main dining room. William Roper retired in 1909, and he sold the building to another family. The new owners remodeled the interior. For the next 40 years, the building would be sold from owner to owner, but they all kept using it as a hotel. In 1945, the building was again remodeled, and renamed to the Reedsburg Hotel. The Reedsburg Hotel kept the same exterior, but only had 13 guest rooms, and a spot for Zobels Tavern. The Reedsburg Hotel would continue until the 1960s. In the 1960s, the name was changed to Town Club & Bar, and was primarily a bar, and no longer had hotel accommodations. The Town Club & Bar would continue until the 1970s, in which the name was changed to the Town Club Bar. In 1984, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>In the early 2000s, the building was purchased and became the home for the Touchdown Tavern. The restaurant would continue for 15 years, and in 2020 the name was changed to Beastro & Barley. The new restaurant is a continuation of the old Touchdown Tavern, with a focus on a more high quality experience.</p><br>
<p>City Hotel, also known as Seifert&#39;s Tavern and the Wheatland Feed Mill, on 214 South Main Street in Wheatland, Iowa was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Clinton County, Iowa in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town of Wheatland was established in 1858 by New York native John L. Bennett to take advantage of the Chicago & North Western Railway (C&NW) that was being built through southern Clinton County at the same time. This was the second hotel built on this site near the C&NW depot. It was designed by Antheona Araah, an Italian-born artist/photographer who also was involved in designing and constructing buildings. He was based out of Oxford Junction, Iowa in southeastern Jones County. The previous hotel was opened in 1889 in an existing building was re-purposed as a hotel. It was destroyed in a fire on February 7, 1893 that also took several other wooden structures nearby. Work on this building began immediately and it opened for business in September of the same year. The Lincoln Highway passed through Wheatland to the north of the railroad tracks in 1915, and the City Hotel was not along its route. As automobiles began to replace train travel the City Hotel&#39;s business began to decline. It closed in the late 1920s or early 1930s. After sitting empty for a few years, the Seifert family opened a tavern on the main floor in 1937, and lived in a part of the upstairs. Emil Koch, who owned the tavern</p><br>
<p>across the street, bought the building two years later. It sat empty from 1939 to 1951. The interior of the building was remodeled in 1951 and used as a feed mill until September 1980. From 1980 to 1995 it was used as a warehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The City Hotel is a two-story, 60 by, rectangular building. The frame structure with an exterior composed of red and yellow brick veneer sits on a yellow, rock-face limestone foundation. The south side of the building faced a small rail yard, no longer extant. However, the main line of what is now the Union Pacific Railroad still passes to the south, but trains no longer stop in Wheatland. To the north are buildings that sit close to this structure. The yellow brickwork is the primary decorative element on the building. Both gables feature geometric shapes in that suggest "wings" and radiate from a circular window encircled in yellow brick. It is also used for corbels and the string course at the roof.</p><br>
<p>The City Hotel in Sonora, California is a former hotel in downtown Sonora at 145 South Washington Street. The building, constructed circa 1852, is associated with Alonzo Green, Sonoras mayor in 1852 and 1853, and James Lane. It includes a sitting room, bar and restaurant with rooms upstairs. It is built of slate, adobe, and red brick, and is one of Sonoras oldest buildings. It belonged to Olivier Bemis in the 1860s. In the early 1900s, the hotel ran a daily horse-pulled-bus service to meet trains. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Tuolumne County, California in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Street Viaduct is a historic structure located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. The riveted Warren deck truss bridge was completed in 1936. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Discussions concerning a new span over the Des Moines River were initiated by the city of Ottumwa in 1921 when Charles Chilton was the mayor. Ottumwa already had two bridges, however, they were better suited to its agricultural past rather than the heavy industry that existed in the city. Meetings were held with officials from the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads whose tracks would be crossed by a viaduct. Blueprints were drawn up, but the plans were shelved until Edwin Manning became mayor in 1929. He worked for seven years to bring the plans for a new bridge to reality. Manning contacted the Iowa State Highway Commission (ISHC) to design and help support the project financially.</p><br>
<p>The ISHC agreed to share the costs of the bridge with the city in January 1934. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company of Des Moines was paid $10,400 to prepare design plans for a steel viaduct and Marsh Engineering Company, also of Des Moines, was paid $10,500 to prepare plans for a reinforced concrete bridge. In December of the same year, bids were submitted and Snyder & Johnson of Humboldt, Iowa, won the bid for the concrete structure and Wisconsin Bridge and Iron Company won the bid for the steel design.</p><br>
<p>The city council and the mayor chose the more expensive concrete design, and the city promised to cover the increased costs. The contracts between the city and ISHC were declared illegal in 1935 and the contract with Snyder & Johnson was declared null and void. The ISHC took full control of the project, including its financing, and chose the less expensive steel design. The bridge was built in fifteen months in 1935 and 1936. It was dedicated on May 28, 1936. Iowa Governor Clyde Herring and Mayor Manning presided over the ceremony that was attended by about 15,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The bridge carried traffic for USA Route 34 (US 34) and US 63 until a new bridge was built on the west side of downtown to carry the highway traffic. The bridge underwent a major rehabilitation project in 1983–1984. The original railings were replaced with Jersey barriers at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Jefferson Street Viaduct has a total of nine main spans and eight approach spans. The south side of the main span consists of four riveted Warren deck trusses. The north side consists of five cantilevered Warren deck truss spans over the river. It is a rare use of deck truss technology in Iowa. The main spans are 150 ft long and the whole structure is 2,120.5 ft long. The roadway is 33 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>William Stolte Sr. House is a historic late 19th-century house located at 432 South Walnut Street, next to William Stolte Jr. House in Reedsburg, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 26, 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story frame house. It is designed in a Victorian Gothic/Queen Anne style "with a hip and gable roof and scroll-like modillions ornamenting the cornice."</p><br>
<p>Its back yard, which goes down to the Baraboo River, includes a frame smokehouse and a hitching post with "Stolte" inscribed upon it.</p><br>
<p>William Stolte Jr. House is a historic house at 432 S. Walnut Street in Reedsburg, Wisconsin, United States. The house was built in the 1890s for local merchant William Stolte Jr. The two-and-a-half story house has a Queen Anne design, a popular style of the late nineteenth century. The house&#39;s design includes a wraparound front porch supported by fluted columns, a pedimented front entrance, and multiple projecting bays. The complex hip and gable roof includes two dormers and a round turret with a conical roof; both the turret and the dormers feature decorative shingles and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The neighboring William Stolte Sr. House is also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Big 4 Fair Art Hall, also known as Hollenbeck Hall, is a historic building located in the Wapello County Fairgrounds in Eldon, Iowa, United States. The single-story brick structure was built in 1911, replacing an older building that had been destroyed in a fire. It is thought to be the oldest original brick building on a fairgrounds in the state. The building has four wings that were devoted to the four Iowa counties in the Big 4 Fair Association, Wapello, Davis , Jefferson , and Van Buren . People from each county would display their produce, grain, and arts and crafts in their county&#39;s wing. During other times of the year, the building was used for meetings and entertainment.</p><br>
<p>The Big 4 Fair was established in 1891 and folded in 1917. It was reorganized the following year as the Wapello County Agricultural Fair and has subsequently been renamed the Wapello County Regional Fair. The hall was named for Mabel Hollenbeck in 1984. She had served as the Art Hall Superintendent for 40 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The McHaffey Opera House is a historic building located in Eldon, Iowa, United States. It was constructed in 1891 and in use by the community through the 1940s. The building was mainly unused for many decades until a volunteer community group bought the opera house in 1995 and began restoration efforts. The McHaffey Opera House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in November, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Irish immigrant David McHaffey was the proprietor of a brickyard in Eldon when, in 1891, he constructed the opera house using bricks from his business.</p><br>
<p>With the advent of motion pictures, a projectionist booth was added to the McHaffey to show silent films. As "talkies" came along to enormous popularity in the late 1920s sound capability was added to the Opera House. The last high school graduation ceremony was held at the McHaffey Opera House in 1941. By the 1940s Eldon had another outlet for movies leaving the McHaffey unused for that purpose. However flooding in 1947 damaged the newer theater, granting the Opera House one last chance to briefly show movies. Following that temporary reprieve, the McHaffey Opera House went into a long period of dormancy, seldom used except for storage.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its significance as an entertainment venue, Dr. S.H. Sawyers the surgeon for the Rock Island Line, had an office on the second floor of the opera house beginning in the 1890s. Other businesses rented space on the main floor of the building. Originally the main floor housed two storefronts before the shared wall was taken down to create a single space. It housed a grocery store and then an auto parts store.</p><br>
<h2>Rebirth</h2><br>
<p>In 1995 a non-profit corporation of community volunteers formed to save and restore the McHaffey to usefulness after it sat vacant for nearly five decades. The restoration has been funded by some grants but largely by community efforts such as a thrift shop and yearly calendar sales. All of the original flooring has been restored and some of the original seating has been retained. Most of the walls have been renovated and repainted as well. A new heating and air conditioning system has been installed and the roof repaired to prevent further water damage that occurred during the McHaffey&#39;s years of disuse. Modern improvements include the installation of a handicap-accessible elevator. A popular annual event in southeast Iowa is the Christmas Tree Wonderland held on the main floor of the McHaffey. Over 75 festive decorated trees are on display through the holiday season. The next phase of the restoration involves painting the walls that flank the main stage. Eventual plans are to bring back live theater performances and also establish a museum in a portion of the building.</p><br>
<p>The stage came to life once again on the evening of May 14, 2013 with the Cardinal Community School Districts "Parade of Bands" featuring the 5th grade, Middle School and High School Bands. A crowd of over two hundred filled the theater for the performances. The event was also financially beneficial to the McHaffey as Cardinal school employees donated $300 for continued restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Eldon Public Library is a public library and historic building located in Eldon, Iowa, United States. Established in 1906, the present building, completed in 1913 with a donation from Andrew Carnegie, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first library in the town of Eldon was established in a rented room above a local business in 1906. The funds for the project were raised by various women&#39;s groups in the city. Two years later it was incorporated according to the laws of the state of Iowa and the town took responsibility for its maintenance. Retta Meyers, president of the library board, contacted Andrew Carnegie in 1911 in hopes that he would make a donation so a permanent building could be built. He donated $7,500 once his specifications were realized. The present site was paid for and the deed delivered on January 1, 1912. The prominent Des Moines architectural firm of Wetherell and Gage designed the Neoclassical style building. Guthrie and Hoist from Albia, Iowa was responsible for construction. The cornerstone was laid on November 23, 1912, and the library was dedicated on May 9, 1913, at Eldon Christian Church. State Senator J.F. Webber from Ottumwa delivered the address. A reception was held in the new library. The building has served the community as a library ever since. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The library building is a single-story structure built on a raised basement. The exterior is composed of red vitrified tile and rock-faced stone on the basement level. It is capped with a hipped roof that features finials on the ridge and tile flashing. The gabled front entrance projects from the main facade, and pilasters frame the door. Beyond the vestibule, the interior is a single room divided by shelving units in the small library style proposed by James Bertram. There is also a basement vestibule in the back of the building. The two rooms in the basement have served as meeting rooms for various community organizations.</p><br>
<p>Mars Hill is a historic church building and cemetery located near Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. Barbara Clark donated the property to the Baptist Church and the church building was built between 1850 and 1857. The rectangular structure is composed of dovetail notched hewn logs, and it is capped with a gable roof. The front door is a copy of the original. It is thought that its name comes from its location, but that cannot be substantiated. Local lore has it that the church building served as a stop on the Underground Railroad. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>A fire set by an arsonist nearly destroyed the building in 2006. After two years of fundraising and construction it was re-dedicated on June 8, 2008. Some of the original logs that were charred in the fire are still a part of the structure. It is one of the largest log buildings and one of the oldest log churches still in use in Iowa. A worship service is held in the now interdenominational church yearly in June.</p><br>
<p>Dahlonega School No. 1 is a historic school building located near Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is located in the center of the unincorporated community of Dahlonega. The building was completed in 1921 and served as a school building until 1959. It served as a voting place for the township until 1986. The one-room schoolhouse measures 1,100 ft&sup2;. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Foster/Bell House is an historic building located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. The original house on the property was the home of Judge H.B. Hendershott built in 1862. He sold the property to Thomas D. Foster in the early 1890s. He was the chairman and general manager of the meat packing firm John Morrell & Company from 1893 to 1915. Foster hired architect Ernest Koch to design the present residence. It was originally a frame and stone house in the Neoclassical style that was completed in 1893. The house passed to Foster&#39;s daughter Ellen Foster Bell who hired the Des Moines architectural firm of Kraetsch and Kraetsch. They redesigned the exterior to its present Tudor Revival style in 1923. The architectural firm of Tinsley, McBroom & Higgins made significant changes to the interior in 1929. It features Sioux Falls red granite on the main floor.</p><br>
<p>The houses historical significance is derived from its Tudor Revival architecture realized on a large scale. Its association with Thomas Foster is negated by the buildings 1923 remodeling.</p><br>
<p>Chief Wapellos Memorial Park, also known as Chief Wapellos Gravesite and the Site of Sac and Fox Indian Agency, is a historic site located near Agency, Iowa, United States. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. They were relocated here by the United States government after the Black Hawk War of 1832. General Joseph M. Street was appointed the Indian Agent and settled with his family on the agency. He earned the respect of the Meskwaki chief Wapello. A stone marker marks the site of the Agency House. Another stone marker commemorates the 1842 negotiations for the tribes to hand over their Iowa lands to the United States government, and the first Christian services that were held in Iowa&#39;s interior by the Reverend Thomas Kirkpatrick, a Methodist Circuit Rider, in 1838. The tribes were relocated from here to Kansas.</p><br>
<p>This land was the agencys garden area. When Street died in 1840 he was buried at this location on the agency and the tribes gave the property that surrounds the grave to his wife so she and her family could make a living. Two years later Wapello was buried next to General Street. Other graves include those of Eliza Street and their children and Major John Beach who was the Streets son-in-law and who replaced General Street as Indian Agent. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was granted an easement on the south side of the park by the Street family with the stipulation that they take care of it. This they have done and the stainless steel marker in the park was installed by the railroad.</p><br>
<p>Engine Company 27 also known as the Deanwood Firehouse is a historic firehouse located at 4201 Minnesota Ave., NE, Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Leon E. Dessez and completed in 1908. It originally housed Chemical Company 1, which served areas not yet connected to fire hydrants. On June 15, 1914, this company was replaced by Engine Company 27 which went in service with a 1906 American LaFrance Metropolitan 500 GPM steam fire engine and a 1903 American LaFrance 70 gallon double tank combination chemical/hose wagon.</p><br>
<p>At 6:00 PM on May 4, 1945, Engine Company 27 became the second firehouse in the District to be staffed entirely by African Americans, the first having been Engine Company 4. Joseph A. Briscoe was promoted from lieutenant to captain and served as the first station commander, Rafael Smith was promoted from sergeant to lieutenant, and Clarence J Short was promoted from private to sergeant.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May, 2011 as part of the Firehouses in Washington DC multiple property submission.</p><br>
<p>In 2021, Engine 27 moved to a newly-built firehouse one-quarter mile north at 4260 Minnesota Ave NE.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts Parking Shops is a historical neighborhood shopping area built in 1936, among the first developments to integrate the automobile and shopping with off-street parking. It was developed in the modern Colonial Revival style by C. H. Hillegeist following the designs of E. Burton Corning. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Among the first stores in the small complex were a Sanitary Food Store and an A & P Grocery, a pharmacy, Homewood Hardware, Knife & Fork Delicatessen, Pat-a-Cake Bake Shop, Homewood Beauty Shop, Palace Laundry and a Gulf Oil filling station.</p><br>
<p>National planning publications used the Massachusetts Avenue Parking Shops as a model and small commercial postwar shopping centers were influenced by the style.</p><br>
<p>The Dey Building is a building in Rico, Colorado, USA, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its importance as a significant local commercial building, and for its Romanesque Revival style. The Dey Building was built in 1892 with a saloon on the ground floor and offices in the upper level. The saloon has been in almost continuous operation throughout the building&#39;s history. The local newspaper refers to an H.J. Dey who operated a saloon in Rico during the 1880s, but no evidence other than the name connects Dey to the Dey Building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dey building measures about 25 ft wide by 82 ft deep. The ground floor is a large room with a bar on the right side. Toilets, storage and clean-up areas are to the rear. Stairs to the second floor from the street are on the left side. On the second floor a hallway runs down the left side from the stairs with two rooms in the front and five more branching off the hallway. A toilet is at the rear of the second floor. A basement is entered from the rear.</p><br>
<p>The front of the building is clad in rough sandstone. A large, partly recessed storefront dominates the first floor. The second level features four heavily arched windows. A small gable with two small arched windows is centered on the cornice, lighting a low attic. "DEY BUILDING" and "1892" are carved on the gable. The roof slopes gently from front to back. Side elevations are rough local stone.</p><br>
<p>The Dey Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Ottumwa Cemetery is a public cemetery located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. The entrance area of the cemetery forms a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. At the time of its nomination it was composed of four resources, which included two contributing buildings and two contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established in 1857 when the community outgrew the old cemetery, which was located closer to the downtown area. Ottumwa Cemetery began with 10 acre. The lots were laid in a grid pattern with meandering roads along the hillsides. It forms an arboretum that contains trees and shrubs that have been planted throughout the city&#39;s history. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 as a part of the Ottumwa MPS.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>An ornate receiving vault was built in the cemetery in 1887. It is composed of red brick with terra cotta panels. It was designed in the Gothic Revival style. A wrought iron fence was put up along Court Street just after the vault was built. The Edgerly Gateway provides the main entrance into the cemetery. The limestone arch was built in the classical style of a Triumphal Roman arch in 1904. Two years later the combination office and chapel building was built in the Gothic Revival style. It was dedicated to the Union soldiers and sailors who fought in the American Civil War. The building features arched windows and crenelated roofline.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Leonidas M. Godley (1836–1904), Medal of Honor recipient from the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Herschel C. Loveless (1911–1989), Governor of Iowa</p><br>
<p>Thomas J. Potter (1840–1888), railroad executive of Union Pacific Railroad</p><br>
<p>Daniel F. Steck (1881–1950), USA Senator from Iowa</p><br>
<p>One British Commonwealth war grave, of a World War I Royal Flying Corps Cadet.</p><br>
<p>The Roper Hotel is located at 707 Third Street in the city of Marble Falls, county of Burnet, in the USA state of Texas. It was erected circa 1888. The hotel was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981, and added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Burnet County, Texas on January 8, 1980. The two-story structure was originally built by George and Elizabeth Roper. The building changed hands and names in 1926 and 1963, and is currently occupied by a medical clinic.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is a parish church of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The building is a contributing property in the Fifth Street Bluff Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was established in 1857. The present church building was completed in 1895, and was designed by Davenport architect Edward Hammatt.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival style building is composed of rusticated limestone. A three-story bell tower is on the west end of the building and the apse is on the east. Because the church is built into the side of a hill both the upper and lower levels of the building open onto the ground level. The church features Gothic arch windows and doors throughout. Buttresses are placed between the windows on both sides of the building. It is considered an excellent example of late 19th century Gothic Revival ecclesiastical design.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Bluff Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As Ottumwa grew in the mid to late 19th century many of its wealthier citizens built houses on the bluff overlooking the town and the Des Moines River Valley below. By doing so they were able to move away from the swampy river bottom and were able to capitalize on the view. Construction began in this part of the city in the 1850s. There were, however, three main periods of development: the 1860s, the 1890s, and the 1920s. Prominent citizens who built homes on the bluff included George Morrell of John Morrell & Company, F.W. Simmons of American Mining Tools Company, G.C. Janney of Janney Manufacturing, J.W. Edgerly who was a wholesale druggist, J.H. Merrill who was a wholesale grocer and Judge H.B. Hendershott. Construction in the area was largely concluded by 1930. Italianate, Queen Anne, and Tudor Revival are the most popular architectural styles that are found in the district. In 1895 the streets were paved with bricks and lined with limestone.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Because of its location along a bluff, the area is primarily residential and has had little in the way of commercial development. It contains some of the best examples of several architectural styles in the city, and the largest concentration of architect-designed houses and buildings. Nine different architects contributed designs to the district including Ottumwa architect George M. Kerns, New York City architect F.R. Comstock, Davenport architect Edward Hammatt, and the Omaha architectural firm of Fisher & Lowrie. Historic churches in the district include First Baptist and Trinity Episcopal. The contributing structures include the brick streets, stone retaining walls, and an iron fence. The Foster/Bell House</p><br>
<p>and the Jay Funeral Home are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Vogel Place Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property that encompasses the Vogel Place Historic District belonged to E.B. and Elizabeth Vogel, from which it derives its name.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The area covered by the district includes 91 houses, a hospital, a church (non-contributing), a brick paved street, and four distinctive driveways. The houses are basic middle-class structures that are one to two stories tall. Most of the houses are constructed of wood with a small garage behind the house. There are several houses where the exterior is composed of brick veneer and two houses were built of concrete block. Nearly a quarter of the houses were built in either the Bungalow or the American Craftsman styles. They were built between 1912 and 1930. The Tudor Revival style was also common and there are examples of both the half-timbered and English Cottage versions. Larger homes in the Romantic Revival styles are found along North Court Street while some of the other larger homes from the 1920s were built in the Colonial Revival style. There are also five examples of American Four Square houses on Vogel Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood, also known as the Henry Rowe Schoolcraft House, the Schoolcraft House or the Indian Agency, is a frame house located at 435 East Water Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1956 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Rowe Schoolcraft</h2><br>
<p>Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (March 28, 1793 - Dec. 10, 1864) was a notable author, explorer, and Native American culture expert. Schoolcraft was born on March 28, 1793, in Albany County, New York. In 1817, he participated in a mineralogical trip through what is now Missouri and Arkansas, and in 1820 he was the topographer on an expedition through the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior regions. After publishing an 1821 book on his travels, Schoolcraft was appointed in 1822 as US Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie. There, Schoolcraft accepted an invitation from John Johnston to stay at his house. In 1823, Schoolcraft married Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, daughter of Johnston and his wife Ozhaguscodaywayquay, herself the daughter of Ojibwe war chief Waubojeeg, After their marriage, the couple continued to live in the Johnston house. The Schoolcrafts had four children: William (1824), who died young, a stillborn daughter in 1825, Janee in 1826 and John in 1829.</p><br>
<p>Henry Schoolcraft remained an Indian Agent at Sault Ste. Marie and (in 1833) Mackinac Island, and became superintendent of Indian affairs in 1836. In 1841, he resigned his commission and moved to New York City. Perhaps due to the death of their first two children, Henry and Jane grew estranged, and Jane died soon after Henry&#39;s resignation in 1841. Schoolcraft wrote further about Indian culture, and died on Dec. 10, 1864 in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>Schoolcraft House History</h2><br>
<p>After being appointed to his position in Sault Ste. Marie, Schoolcraft requested the construction of a suitable building to house the agency. Schoolcraft designated a site, and plans were drawn up by Obed Wait, who had earlier designed Michigan&#39;s territorial capitol located in Detroit. Construction began in 1826 and was completed in 1827. The building, dubbed "Elmwood" due to the surrounding elms, was the headquarters for Indian affairs throughout the upper Great Lakes, as well as the home of the Schoolcrafts, from its construction until 1833, when the agency headquarters was relocated to Mackinac Island. The building was still used by the agency through the 1830s and 1840s.</p><br>
<p>In 1853, the government leased Elmwood to Charles T. Harvey, who supervised the construction of the first Soo Locks while living in the house. Sault Ste. Marie merchant and businessman Peter Barbeau purchased the building in 1874 when the government sold it. Around the 1880s, substantial Queen Anne-style alterations were done to the building, diminishing the "classical elegance" of the original design. Around 1900, the building, along with a swath of the surrounding shoreline, was sold to the Michigan Lake Superior Power Company. It was used as an office building, then lay vacant for decades while owned by Union Carbide. It was used in the 1950s and 1960s to display the collection of the Chippewa County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Elmwood was moved from its original location at 705 East Portage Avenue to its current location at 435 East Water Street, next to the John Johnston House. At the same time, the building was restored to its original footprint, in particular removing the extensive 1880s additions. It is planned to reconstruct the original Federal-style appearance of the structure. The west wing, that originally housed the Indian Affairs Agency, is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original section of Elmwood was a Federal style building, with a two-story central section and single-story wings on each side connected to the central section via breezeways. The entire structure was nearly 100 ft long, with a veranda running the full length. The interior had 15 rooms.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally situated directly on the banks of the St. Marys River, within a grove of maples, mountain ash, and elms (from which it took its name).</p><br>
<p>The John Johnston House is a private house located at 415 Water Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958.</p><br>
<h2>John Johnston</h2><br>
<p>John Johnston (1762–1828) was born on August 25, 1762, in Northern Ireland, the son of William Johnston and Elizabeth McNeil, well-to-do landowners. In 1790, he relocated to what is now Canada and became affiliated with the North West Company, a fur trading company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. In 1793, Johnston and his wife settled in the Sault to trade with the native residents there. The couple had four sons and four daughters, including Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, who married notable author, explorer, and Native American culture expert Henry Rowe Schoolcraft.</p><br>
<p>John Johnston was Justice of the Peace in Sault Ste Marie for many years. He remained in Sault Ste. Marie for the rest of his life, remaining in the fur trade. In 1812, Johnston helped British troops take control of Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island. In 1814, American forces burned his house, as well as $40,000 of his goods, in retaliation. However, Johnston rebuilt, in part by selling his parents estate in Ireland, and became connected with John Jacob Astors American Fur Company. John Johnston died on September 22, 1828.</p><br>
<h2>History of the John Johnston House</h2><br>
<p>In 1794, John Johnston constructed a house on this site. That house was destroyed in 1814 by American forces in retaliation for Johnston&#39;s aid to the British in the War of 1812. Johnston rebuilt the house in 1815.</p><br>
<p>In 1822, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was appointed US Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie. Schoolcraft married John Johnston&#39;s eldest daughter Jane in 1822, and Johnston built a substantial addition to the 1815 structure for them to live in. This addition comprises the whole of the current Johnston House. The Schoolcrafts lived in this house until 1827, when they moved to Elmwood, the Indian Agency headquarters in the Sault.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Eben S. Wheeler lived in the house from 1883 to 1900; Wheeler added the dormer windows and made further architectural changes. In 1910, a tree fell on the house, demolishing the original 1815 section. The Great Lakes Towing Company purchased the house shortly thereafter. In 1949, they gave the house to the city of Sault Ste Marie, and it was restored by architects Mayer and Savoie.</p><br>
<p>Thou house is currently used as an architecture and construction exhibit of the common look of houses of the period. In the 1980s, three other historic structures were moved to a location near the Johnston House, including Henry Rowe Schoolcraft&#39;s Elmwood.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The John Johnston House is a rectangular, -story house, constructed of cedar logs and covered with clapboards. Two gabled dormers are in the roof. The first floor contains five rooms and a central hall.</p><br>
<p>An early description of the house, written before the destruction of the 1815 section of the Johnston house, said:</p><br>
